O que aumentará a oferta monetária?
Se o Fed, por exemplo, comprar ou pedir emprestado títulos do Tesouro de bancos comerciais, o banco central adicionará dinheiro às contas, chamadas reservas, que os bancos são obrigados a manter consigo. Isso expande a oferta monetária.
Influenciando as taxas de juros, imprimindo dinheiro e estabelecendo exigências de reservas bancáriassão todas as ferramentas que os bancos centrais usam para controlar a oferta monetária. Outras tácticas utilizadas pelos bancos centrais incluem operações de mercado aberto e flexibilização quantitativa, que envolvem a venda ou compra de títulos e valores mobiliários governamentais.
Quando um banco concede empréstimos com reservas excedentes, a oferta monetária aumenta.
Os governos emitem papel-moeda e moedas através dos seus bancos centrais ou tesouros, ou uma combinação de ambos. Para manter a economia estável,reguladores bancáriosaumentar ou reduzir a oferta monetária disponível através de mudanças políticas e decisões regulatórias.
Um aumento na oferta de moeda () sem um aumento na produção ()faz com que o nível de preços mude pela mesma mudança na oferta de moeda. Por outras palavras, a produção não muda, mas quando a oferta monetária duplica, o nível de preços também duplica.
A compra de títulos injeta dinheiro no mercado monetário, aumentando a oferta monetária. Quando o banco central pretende que as taxas de juro sejam mais elevadas, vende obrigações, retirando dinheiro do mercado monetário e diminuindo a oferta monetária.
O Fed controla a oferta de moeda aumentando ou diminuindo a base monetária. A base monetária está relacionada com o tamanho do balanço do Fed; especificamente, é a moeda em circulação mais os saldos de depósitos que as instituições depositárias mantêm no Federal Reserve.
O governoapoia a oferta monetária nos Estados Unidos. O poder de compra do dinheiro pode ser determinado pela quantidade total de bens e serviços que podem ser adquiridos com ele. Quando os níveis de preços aumentam, o poder de compra cai e vice-versa.
Se a oferta monetária crescer muito em relação ao tamanho de uma economia,o valor unitário da moeda diminui; por outras palavras, o seu poder de compra cai e os preços sobem.
Quando o Fed quer aumentar a oferta monetária, ele implementa umapolítica monetária expansionista. Esse tipo de política inclui a redução da taxa de desconto, a compra de títulos públicos e a redução do índice de reservas obrigatórias.
O aumento das taxas de juros diminui a oferta de moeda?
Taxas de juros mais altas se traduzem em menor oferta de moeda na economia. Uma vez que a oferta de moeda se esgota, aumenta os custos dos empréstimos, o que torna mais caro para os consumidores manter dívidas.
A oferta monetária dos EUA diminuiu 2% ou mais apenas quatro vezes desde 1870, exceto a contração atual. Em cada um dos casos anteriores, seguiu-se uma grande recessão económica nos EUA. É compreensível que alguns pensem que a actual contracção da oferta monetária pressagia desgraça e tristeza para o mercado de acções em 2024.
Portanto, a primeira coisa que acontece com uma diminuição na oferta monetária é quetaxas de juros sobem. À medida que as taxas de juro sobem, as empresas estão menos dispostas a investir para contrair empréstimos para despesas de investimento. E os consumidores também estão menos dispostos a contrair empréstimos para comprar carros, casas e assim por diante. Assim, os gastos diminuem.
Um aumento na oferta monetária levará a aumentos na demanda agregada por bens e serviços. Um aumento na oferta monetária tenderá aaumentar o nível de preçosa longo prazo.
Assim como o Congresso e o presidente controlam a política fiscal,o Sistema da Reserva Federaldomina a política monetária, o controle da oferta e do custo do dinheiro.
Um aumento na taxa de desconto torna menos lucrativo para os bancos tomarem empréstimos do Federal Reserve. À medida que os bancos reduzem os seus empréstimos, as reservas totais do sistema bancário são reduzidas ea quantidade de dinheiro fornecida pelo sistema bancário diminui.
Se o objectivo da Fed é expandir a oferta monetária e impulsionar a procura, a política é expansionista. O Fed irácomprar títulos do Tesouro para despejar dinheiro nos bancos.
O Banco não precisa estar envolvido aqui.A compra de ações nunca aumenta a oferta monetária porque elas não contam em nenhum dos estados.. Os preços das ações não estão a afetar diretamente a inflação (na verdade, há um efeito oposto bem conhecido da inflação nas ações, por exemplo, ver o artigo de Feldstein de 1983).
A Fed utiliza três ferramentas principais na gestão da oferta monetária e na prossecução de um crescimento económico estável. As ferramentas são(1) reservas obrigatórias, (2) taxa de desconto e (3) operações de mercado aberto. Cada um destes impacta a oferta monetária de diferentes maneiras e pode ser usado para contrair ou expandir a economia.
Qual produto financeiro você pode comprar por US$ 25, é seguro e valerá US$ 50 em uma data futura? Razão :Títulos de capitalização da série EE, emitidos e garantidos pelo Tesouro dos EUA, são adquiridos pela metade do seu valor nominal.
A oferta monetária está diminuindo?
A oferta monetária dos EUA está a diminuir pela primeira vez desde 1949, à medida que os depósitos de poupança diminuem e a Reserva Federal encolhe o seu balanço de 8 biliões de dólares.
As notas do Federal Reserve não podem ser resgatadas em ouro, prata ou qualquer outra mercadoria. As notas da Reserva Federal não são resgatáveis em ouro desde 30 de janeiro de 1934, quando o Congresso alterou a Seção 16 da Lei da Reserva Federal para ler: "As referidas notas [da Reserva Federal] serão obrigações dos Estados Unidos….
Nenhum país usa uma moeda lastreada em ouro (ou prata). Muitos países atrelam suas moedas ao dólar americano, mas o dólar americano não está atrelado a nada.
Ao longo do século passado, os governos afastaram-se do padrão-ouro. As moedas são agora quase universalmente garantidas pelos governos que as emitem. Um exemplo de moeda fiduciária é o dólar.O governo dos EUA encerrou oficialmente a relação entre o ouro e o dólar em 1976.
A inflação é causada quando a oferta monetária em uma economia cresce a um ritmo mais rápido do que a capacidade da economia de produzir bens e serviços.
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